Covers randomness, finite probability space, probability measure, events; conditional probability, independence, Bayes’ theorem; discrete random variables; binomial and Poisson distributions; concepts of mean and variance; continuous random variables; exponential and normal distribution, probability density functions, calculation of mean and variance; central limit theorem and implications for normal distribution; purpose and the nature of sampling; nature of estimates, point estimates, interval estimates; maximum likelihood, least-squares approach; confidence intervals; estimates for one or two samples; development of models and associated hypotheses; nature of hypothesis formulation, null and alternate hypotheses, testing hypotheses; test statistics: t-test, chi-squared test; correlation and regression; Markov processes, discrete time systems, and continuous time systems; queuing theory, including system simulation and modeling, queuing methods.