Introduces basic and advanced frameworks and methodological tools for understanding and accounting for the characteristics, needs, and attitudes of individual users and user groups, ranging from traditional mental models to cutting-edge folk theorization approaches. Covers both how to understand users and how to account for how users themselves understand and adapt to systems from both a system design and sociotechnical system critique perspective. Explores and problematizes the idea of the “user” as compared to alternate approaches such as embedded community/cultural context and post-userism.